英语基础语法——定语从句
■有关定语从句的定义
(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它一般紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不只起连接用途，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我爸爸昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不了解。
说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
■关系代词的一般使用方法
先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男生，他的爸爸是宇航员。(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是大家去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面很好看的书。
■关系副词的一般使用方法
关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地址和缘由。when的先行词一般是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词一般是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地址或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词＋which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 其他人都有不能不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝大家帮助他的原因吗？
注意：先行词虽然是时间或地址，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他爸爸曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了大家一块生活的那些日子。(作状语)
比较：I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了大家在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病是什么原因她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)
比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)
